Angle class II/2nd division: is there an alignment? / Classe II/2ª divisão de Angle: existe alinhamento?

Introduction: Interdisciplinary investigative study of the stomatognathic-cervical complex, necessary to understand the structure and biomechanics of this system in Angle Class I and II / 2nd Division participants. Objective: To evaluate alignment and position of cranial cervical structures on radiographs and their functional relationship with the stomatognathic system. Material and method: Trans Oral and Profile radiographs were submitted to biomechanical analysis, considered the linear and angular measurement of Atlas and Axis through the application included in the radiogram software. Result: We observed a significant difference in the angular measurements of vertical alignment between the Skull, Axis, and the Mandible (p = <0.001), and in the left joint between the Atlas and the Axis (AE: p = 0.011; SEA: p = 0.042). Among the linear measures of the distances between the Atlas and the Axis, the AOD distance presented statistics quite close to the level of significance (p = 0.0502), but above. There was no statistically significant difference in the other measures. Conclusion: In this study, the alignment between the Atlas and Axis cervical vertebrae and the mandible and angles of the atlanto-occipital joints are altered in Class II / 2nd Division participants. There is no difference in the size and distance of the Atlas and the Axis between the Classes.

Introdução: Estudo interdisciplinar investigativo do complexo cérvico-estomatognático, necessário para compreender a estrutura e a biomecânica desse sistema em participantes Classe I e II/2ª Divisão de Angle. Objetivo: Avaliar o alinhamento e a posição das estruturas crânio cervicais nas radiografias de participantes Classe I e II/2ª Divisão de Angle e sua relação funcional com o sistema estomatognático. Material e método: As imagens digitais Trans Oral e Perfil de participantes com maloclusão Classe I e II/2ª Divisão de Angle foram submetidas à medição linear e angular do crânio, mandíbula, Atlas e do Áxis através do software Advantage Workstation 4.6 (AW4.6 ext. 04). Resultado: Houve diferença significativa nas medidas angulares de alinhamento vertical entre o Crânio, Áxis e a Mandíbula (p = <0,001), e da articulação esquerda entre o Atlas e o Áxis (AE: p = 0,011; AAE: p = 0,042). Das medidas lineares das distâncias entre o Atlas e o Áxis, a distância AOD apresentou estatística bastante próxima do nível de significância (p=0,0502), porém acima. Não houve diferença significativamente estatística nas demais medidas avaliadas. Conclusão: Neste estudo, o alinhamento entre as vértebras cervicais Atlas e Áxis e a mandíbula e os ângulos das articulações atlanto occipitais se mostraram alterados nos participantes Classe II/2ª Divisão de Angle. Não há diferença significativa no tamanho e distância do Atlas e do Áxis entre as Classes.

Estudos radiográficos do osso hioide e da coluna cervical nas maloclusões Classe I e Classe II/2ª Divisão de Angle / Radiographic studies of the hyoid bone and cervical spine in Angle Class I and Class II/2nd Division malocclusions

Introduction Interdisciplinary investigative study of the stomatognathic-cervical complex, necessary to understand the structure and biomechanics of the hyoid bone and cervical spine in Class I and II / 2nd Division participants. Objective To analyze the position of the hyoid bone and the curvature of the cervical spine on lateral radiographs of participants with Class I and II/2nd Division Angle malocclusion. Material and method We evaluated the position of the hyoid bone from its alignment with the corresponding cervical vertebra. The presentation of curvature of the cervical spine was evaluated from the fourth cervical vertebra. Result There was a statistically significant difference in the position of the hyoid bone (p=0.027) between the classes, which was located at C3 in Class I and further down, between C3 and C5, in Class II/2nd Division. The cervical spine showed alterations in both classes, with an increase, rectification, and inversion of the curvature with no statistical difference between them (p=0.533). Conclusion In this study, the hyoid bone showed different positions in the malocclusions studied, however, poor posture of the cervical spine was common in both classes.

Introdução Estudo interdisciplinar investigativo do complexo estomatognático-cervical, necessário para compreender a estrutura e a biomecânica do osso hioide e coluna cervical em participantes Classe I e II/2ª Divisão de Angle. Objetivo Analisar a posição do osso hioide e da curvatura da coluna cervical nas radiografias em perfil de participantes com má oclusão Classes I e II/2ª Divisão de Angle. Material e método A posição do osso hioide foi avaliada a partir de seu alinhamento com a vértebra cervical correspondente. A apresentação da curvatura da coluna cervical foi determinada a partir da proximidade com a quarta vértebra cervical. Resultado Houve diferença estatística significativa na posição do osso hioide (p=0,027) entre as classes, que ficou situado em C3 na Classe I e mais abaixo, entre C3 e C5, na Classe II/2ª Divisão. A coluna cervical apresentou alterações em ambas as classes sem diferença estatística entre as mesmas (p=0,533), com aumento, retificação e inversão da curvatura. Conclusão Neste estudo, o osso hioide apresentou posições distintas nas más oclusões estudadas, no entanto, a má postura da coluna cervical foi comum em ambas as classes.

Assessment and Comparison of Cervical Column Morphology and Cranial Base Angle in Three Different Facial Types - A Cephalometric Study

We wanted to assess and compare the morphological deviations of the cervical vertebral column and cranial base angle in three different facial types that is hypodivergent, normodivergent and hyperdivergent groups and elucidate the aetiology behind the associations as well as clinical implications of the results. MethodsThe study was conducted in the department of orthodontics wherein lateral cephalograms of 150 subjects in the age group of 18 - 25 years were taken and divided into three groups. The division of groups was made as per Steiner’s mandibular plane angle i.e. Hyperdivergent group (SN–MP angle >34 degrees) Normodivergent group (SN–MP angle 26- 34 degrees) Hypodivergent group (SN–MP angle < 26 degrees). Lateral cephalograms were traced and analysed to compare the variables by statistical analysis. Morphology of the cervical column was evaluated by visual inspection of the first 5 cervical vertebrae as they are normally seen on a standardized lateral skull radiograph. Characteristics of the cervical column were classified according to the method of Sandham. The cranial base angle was measured by the angle between nasion sella and sella basion (N-S-Ba) and then compared in the three groups. ResultsThe cranial base angle was increased significantly in the hyperdivergent group and decreased in the hypodivergent group when compared to the normodivergent group patients. However, no significant results were associated regarding the morphology of the cervical column in the three groups. ConclusionsAssociations between the cranial base angle and cervical column morphology plays a pivotal role in orthodontics in making the diagnosis of malocclusion and finding out the pattern of growth in vertical direction. A routine examination of the cervical vertebral column area for any deviation in the morphology should be done and checked. These registrations may prove useful in making the diagnosis and finding aetiology especially in the cases of severe skeletal malocclusions like severe open bite and deep bite and those with obstructive disorders like obstructive sleep apnoea or enlarged adenoids.

Condrosarcoma de la primera vértebra cervical. Reporte de caso / Condrosarcoma of the first cervical vertebra. Case report

Fundamento: Los tumores primarios de la columna vertebral son raros, con una incidencia estimada de 2.8-8.5 por cada 100 000 individuos anualmente. El condrosarcoma es la segunda neoplasia ósea más frecuente de los tumores óseos primarios malignos, presentándose principalmente en el esqueleto axial: 45 %; siendo muy raros en los huesos craneofaciales y la columna. Objetivo: Describir la presentación clínica de un caso con un condrosarcoma en la primera vértebra cervical y la conducta quirúrgica tomada una vez diagnosticado Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 86 años de edad con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial controlada farmacológicamente, que comienza con cervicalgia de difícil tratamiento, tortícolis y disfagia a los sólidos. Se diagnostica mediante TAC de unión cráneo-espinal lesión tumoral en C1. Se le realiza exéresis parcial del tumor con instrumentación occipito-cervical, el paciente evoluciona satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones: El condrosarcoma es un tumor de crecimiento lento, de características variables. La localización espinal es muy rara. Su tratamiento incluye la resección de la lesión con instrumentación si se desestabiliza la columna vertebral, además de quimioterapia y radioterapia de ser necesario.

Background: The primary tumors of the spine are strange, with a dear incidence of 2.8-8.5 of each 100 000 individuals annually. The condrosarcoma is the second more frequent bony neoplasia of the wicked primary bony tumors, being presented mainly in the axial skeleton: 45%; being very strange in the bones craneofacials and the column. Objective: To describe the clinical presentation of a case with a condrosarcoma in the first cervical vertebra and the surgical behavior taken once diagnosed. Case presentation: 86 years old masculine patient with antecedents of pharmacologically controlled hypertension that it begins with cervicalgia of difficult treatment, torticollis and disfagia to the solids. It is diagnosed by means of TAC of union skull-spinal lesion tumoral in C1.a partial exeresis of the tumor with occipito-cervical instrumentation is carried out, the patient evolves satisfactorily. Conclusions: The condrosarcoma is a tumor of slow growth, of variable characteristics. The spinal localization is very strange. Their treatment includes the resection of the lesion with instrumentation if the spine is destabilized, besides chemotherapy and radiotherapy of being necessary.

Cambios en la posición de las estructuras esqueléticas del complejo cráneo-cervical posterior a una cirugía ortognática / Changes in the position of cranio-cervical complex skeletal structures after an orthognatic surgery event

El propósito de este estudio fue investigar si existen cambios en la posición de las estructuras esqueléticas del complejo cráneo-cervical posterior a un tratamiento de cirugía ortognática. Se revisaron 30 expedientes de pacientes con maloclusiones esqueléticas iniciales de clase I, II, y III que fueron sometidos a cirugía ortognática. Se midieron las posiciones pre y posquirúrgicas de las vértebras, hioides y rotación de cráneo en la radiografía lateral de cráneo. Se encontró que los pacientes sometidos a cirugía combinada presentan mayor proporción de cambios de rotación de cráneo en sentido posterior (p = 0.006) y en las mujeres se presentó una tendencia a la rotación posterior de cráneo con la disminución en la distancia del atlas a la base de cráneo (p = 0.23). Es importante reconocer estos cambios de rotación de cráneo en los pacientes quirúrgicos ya que pueden ocasionar recidiva de la cirugía ortognática y/o cefalea occipital.

The aim of the present study was to conduct research on presence of changes in skeletal structures' position of the cervical-cranial complex after treatment involving orthognatic surgery. 30 patient files were reviewed. Patients were afflicted with initial class I, II and III malocclusions which had been treated with orthognathic surgery. With the help of lateral skull X-rays, measurements were taken of pre- and post-surgical positions of vertebrae, hyoid bone, as well as skull rotation. It was found that patients subjected to combined surgery presented greater range of skull rotation changes in a posterior direction (p = 0.006). Female patients presented tendency to posterior skull rotation, and exhibited distance decrease from atlas to skull base (p = 0.23). In surgical patients, it is important to timely identify these skull rotation changes since they might elicit relapse of performed orthognathic surgery and/or occipital headache.

Quimionucleólise cervical associada à espondilectomia ventral em cães: aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos, radiográficos e histológicos / Cervical chemonucleolysis associated to ventral slot in dogs: clinical-surgical, radiological, and histological aspects

Foram avaliados aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos, radiográficos e histológicos de discos intervertebrais cervicais caninos após quimionucleólise com quimiopapaína associada à espondilectomia ventral em 24 cães. Em todos foi realizada a espondilectomia ventral na região do disco intervertebral C2-C3 e quimionucleólises nos demais discos cervicais. Os cães foram sacrificados às 24 horas, e aos 8, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após aplicação da enzima para a obtenção de cortes sagitais dos discos intervertebrais tratados e das estruturas cartilaginosas e ósseas adjacentes. Nos mesmos períodos, foram realizadas radiografias para monitoração da espessura dos espaços intervertebrais. Todos toleraram bem o procedimento cirúrgico e não apresentaram alterações clínicas significativas. Na avaliação radiográfica, observou-se marcada redução dos espaços intervertebrais 24 horas após o tratamento. Do oitavo ao 90º dia após aplicação da enzima, foi verificada ausência total de espaço intervertebral na região dos discos tratados. Aos 120 dias, as espessuras dos espaços intervertebrais corresponderam, em média, a 59,1 por cento da espessura anterior ao procedimento. Na avaliação histológica, foram observadas digestão nuclear e redução da intensidade de coloração pela safranina-O 24 horas após a quimionucleólise. A partir do 60º dia, havia material amorfo no espaço nuclear, que, aos 120 dias, tinha aparência fibrocartilaginosa. A quimionucleólise associada à espondilectomia ventral determinou a lise dos discos intervertebrais e lesões nas estruturas cartilaginosas e ósseas adjacentes, com tendência à reparação por tecido fibrocartilaginoso ao longo do tempo.

The clinical-surgical, radiological, and histological aspects of chemonucleolysis with chymopapain in canine cervical intervertebral disks associated to ventral slot in 24 dogs were evaluated. The ventral slot was accomplished in the area of the intervertebral disks C2-C3 and chemonucleolysis in the other cervical disks. The dogs were clinically and radiographically monitored for up to 120 days. Each group of four animals was submitted to euthanasia with an anesthetic overdose at 24 hours, and at 8, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after the enzyme injection for the acquisition of sagittal sections of the treated disks, as well as adjacent cartilaginous endplates and bony structures. In this study, all dogs tolerated the surgical procedure, without detectable postoperative pain or neurological deficit. In the radiographic evaluation, it was observed consistent disk space narrowing 24 hours after the procedure and total absence of space from the 8th to the 90th day of postoperative in the area of all treated disks. However, 120 days after treatment, there was an increase in disk height, corresponding on average to 59.1 percent of the preinjection value. In the histological evaluation, it was observed nuclear digestion and decrease of safranin-O staining intensity 24 hours after disk injection. At eight days, the nuclear content was still vacuolated, but more fibrillar. An irregularly defined mass was observed in the nuclear space on days 60th and 90th, but it seemed fibrocartilaginous tissue on day 120th. Chemonucleolysis with chymopapain associated to the ventral slot in the cervical column of dogs determined lysis of intervertebral disks, cervical instability, and lesions of cartilaginous and bone adjacent structures that tend to repair with fibrocartilaginous tissue along the time.